Notes for Mohsin College (According to the Suggestion of Montasir Sir of Mohsin College) Adolescence Adolescence is the time between being a child and full adult, that is the period of time during which a person is biologically (physically) adult but emotionally (feelings) not at full maturity. Adolescence is the period that generally ranges between 12-18 years. During this period, the body reaches its maximum power in the use of its musculature. Adolescents experience a big change in every part of the body. Muscles, bones, glands, brain, and heart - all develop. Weight and height also increase. The proportion of growth and development between girls and boys is not same. Before 14 years girls grow more than boys but after 14 years boys surpass girls. The functional ability of circulatory system, respiratory system, digestive system etc increase. There comes a change in the voice of both boys and girls. Pubic hair grows at some parts of the body. In case of boys there is growth of beard and moustache and in case of girl's menstrual cycle start. Intelligence expands during this period and special interests along with increased mental power are experienced as a result of which power of memorizations, attention and reception increase. Bodily changes coupled with increased power of sense organs and sex organs bring a big effect of mind. Both the sexes become curious to each other, feeling of heroism, courage drive the mind of the adolescents. During this period the feeling of self-consciousness becomes strong, they become thoughtful, emotional, creative and imaginative. Social consciousness also increases in this period. Adolescents become alert about what goes an around the world. Adolescents have certain specific needs to be fulfilled in this phase. The needs are: i) needs of freedom and activity ii) needs of social adjustment iii) needs of self dependence iv) needs of ideals of life. The teachers, parents, guardians and elders in school, family, society should provide appropriate advice, guidance and supervision to the children so that above needs are satisfied to a large extent. My Favourite Personality My Dad is my real hero because he is the most special person in my life. He is a very good athlete & an artist. He is a Civil Engineer by profession. At weekends he loves to play with me the whole day. He has always taught me good values & not spoiling me by buying me all the things that I wanted. But at the same time he has gifted me many things that I always wish to have. My Dad has always tried his level best to make me a good human being. I am his only son. Every day he takes out little time for me in the night to acknowledge my day to day activities & problems if any. He is my best friend. I can discuss everything with him without any hesitation. Things that I fail to reveal out to my close friends, I can easily discuss them with my Dad. Today I am just 16 years old & at this tender age Dad has taught me a lot of things that people at the age of 20 fails to understand. He has taught me what life is all about. He has showed me the way to achieve success. He has showed me the opportunities that exist in front of me. But at the same time he has left the decision up to me in terms of which path to choose. He is very confident that his efforts to make me a good human being will never go in vein. Seeing his confidence in me some day I want to make him proud. I thank God everyday for giving me such a loving and caring father. I also wish to see him in good health for the rest of my life. Child Labour Man works for three reasons—survival as well as bread earning, hobby and physical fitness. Though all such activities require physical efforts, only the activities done for bread earning is called labour. Usually adult people do laborious jobs for their families. But in underdeveloped and developing countries under aged children are also seen to be doing hard work to earn some money. Children work for money mainly in three cases: when the adult bread-winning member of the family dies or becomes ill, when adult members want them to assist them in their work, and when they are made slaves. Children from 8 to 12 years of age have to do manual labour. Many of them work as domestic servants and maid servants. Sometimes they are engaged to work in the fields. They are engaged to take out weeds from corn fields, graze the cattle, work in shops, hotels and restaurants, break brick and stones, carry brick and other building materials from one place to another. Some are also found to work a s street-hawkers, rickshaw-pullers and car cleaners. They work in small factories. They polish boots, sell ‘chanachur’, ‘badam’ and vegetables. They work as porters. Though labor is sacred, child labour is a crime. The people who engage them take full advantage oftheir minor age and their helplessness. Children engaged as house servants or maid-servants have to work from early morning to late hours at night. * They are always dealt with abuse and reproof. Very often they are punished mercilessly. Some housewives rebuke them, beat them and pull them by ear. The masters and the housewives are very harsh to them. They are given the same food that the members of the family take. They are often compelled to take rotten and inferior food. In fact, they are not treated as human beings. They have similar ill-treatment in the hotels and restaurants, shops and factories. They work for a longer period with fewer wages. Their masters very often treat them mercilessly. Minor boys working as rickshaw pullers and factory workers often face accidents, lose their limbs and pass their days as disabled persons. To stop child labour the government should rehabilitate the slum-dwellers and should create working opportunities for them to develop their living standard. But as a nation we can not remain simply silent observers. We should realize that the future of our country depends upon the children of to-day. A country of children having poor and ill-health will expedite the degeneration of the nation. Etiquette & Manners Etiquette & Manners go hand in hand, but are not the same. Etiquette is a set of rules dealing with exterior form. Manners are an expression of inner character. Respect, kindness, and consideration form the basis of good manners and good citizen-ship. Etiquette becomes the language of manners. Rules of etiquette cover behavior in talking, acting, living, and moving; in other words, every type of interaction and every situation. Man is a social animal. But living in society is not an easy job. How one behaves with another, how he approaches another person and how far he is successful in playing his role in the society indicates his manners. Nobody is born with good manners. Everyone either learns or acquires them. The best place to harness manners and etiquettes is the home which is a miniature society and where the child spends most of its time. Child tries to stimulate its parents and elders in their behavior and slowly leans and acquires certain traits of character that it has learnt at home. It learns a lot in company of his friends at school. In the school, the teacher plays an important role in cultivation of good manners and etiquettes. Teachers with their ideal behavior imbibe good manners in the school students. Anywhere we go out, we are judged by the way we speak. Therefore words play an important role in our day-to-day conversation. How do we speak to our younger’s and how do we speak to our elders, reflects our personality. Whatever we speak should be in a soft, gentle and pleasant tone. We should always try to avoid offending and harsh words. We should show respect to others. Not only the words, but our action and gestures should also be submissive so as to sweeten our life and to add charm to it, we should always try to follow these small courtesies. In a group of people We should always wait for our turn to speak. We should not monopolies the whole conversation. If ever we want to criticize anybody, We should do it in a manner that it does not hurt the person. We should do in a polite and civilized manner. We should always be sweet and humble in our words and gestures. So we can say that the success or failure in the life of a man depends largely upon his manners and etiquettes. In the words of Thompson we can say, “Truth, justice and reasons less their force and all their luster, when they are not accompanied with agreeable manners.” DIASPORA The term ‘diaspora’ refers to the movement of people for from their ancestral homeland to live work in other country. Diaspora’s origin is traced in thousands years back. In the Bible there is reference of diaspora. In the history of human civilization, we find a number of events of diaspora. In the history of mankind, Jews people were the first diaspora. Their ancestor Abraham was forced to leave Iraq and took shelter in Egypt. In Egypt he was a diaspora. Then his offspring Jews were forced to leave Egypt and settled themselves in Palestine. In palestine the Jews were the diaspora. Later many of them were forced to leave Palestine during Islamic era. These Jews people became diaspora in Europe and then America. Recently scholars have distinguished between different kinds of diaspora, based on its .causes such as imperialism, trade or labour migrations or by the kind of social coherence. 2l century has seen a number of diasporas. The Aryans also left their central Europe thousands of years ago and settled in Indian continent. Globalization has facilitated people to people connection. Diaspora in one country helps to bridge gaps between nations, hence it strengthens globalization. So globalization has great influence on diaspora. Food Adulteration Public health is now facing a major threat due to adulterated foods. Food items are being adulterated by mixing with various chemicals and sold to the consumers. A section o dishonest businessman is engaged in this illegal practice to make windfall profit. They are making food items attractive by using chemicals to draw consumers in big numbers. Consumers, out of their ignorance, are buying and eating these foods and thus inviting various diseases. Adulteration is not limited only foods served at hotels and restaurants. A wide range of essential commodities – such as fruits and vegetables are not left out of adulteration. Unscrupulous traders spray a kind of chemical on these perishable items to keep them fresh for a longer time. Innocent consumers are captive to these dishonest traders since they have no alternative but to buy these daily essentials. They suffer from various diseases after eating these items. Bangladesh Standard Testing Institute, a stage-run organization, has recently launched a drive across the country to stop adulteration of food. This organization has already identified some restaurants, which were selling adulterated foods and being run in unhygienic atmosphere. It imposed fine on them and in some cases, nabbed a good many restaurants owners involved in this illegal practice. But despite this drive, this social ill is yet to be removed. Health is wealth. One can’t think of any success in life with ill health. Unhealthy people are the main obstacle to making over all progress of a nation. Taking into account the dire consequence of food adulteration the government as well as different Socio-culture organizations should come forward to fight against food adulteration for making a happier nation. A Traffic Police A traffic police is a person whose job is to direct the movement of vehicles on a road or to stop drivers who are breaking the law and give them an official notice of their offence. A traffic police is a very common figure to all people of town and city. Traffics police performs their duties standing on the island. Their duties begin early in the morning and end at whit helmet. A traffic police wears khaki trouser, blue shirt with white sleeves and a white helmet. A traffic police has an umbrella which protects him from the sun and rain. Traffic police provide a valuable service to our society by regulating the country's roads and enforcing the state and federal driving laws. Like all law enforcement jobs, traffic police have the ability to cite, detain and arrest citizens who are suspected of breaking the law. Even though the job title mentions only traffic, there many more duties that traffic enforcement officers carry out. On a fundamental level, traffic police are tasked with enforcing the state rules of the road, such as speed regulation, safe driving habits, license inspection and vehicle registration. However, they can also handle accident investigation, vehicle theft and prevention, security detail of government and celebrity personnel and assistance in criminal investigations. Sometimes they help the children, women and old people to cross the road. But their salary is not satisfactory.