দস্তাবেজ অ্যাপ্লিকেশানের সাথে সম্পাদনা করুন Notes for All.docx Notes for All Speech of March 7, 1971 The 7th March Speech of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was a speech given by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, a Bengali nationalist leader, on March 7, 1971 at the Ramna Race Course Maidan in Dhaka to a gathering of over two million people. He spoke at a time of increasing tensions between East Pakistan and the powerful political and military establishment of West Pakistan. The Bengali people were inspired to prepare for a potential war of independence, amid widespread reports of armed mobilization by West Pakistan. During the speech, Sheikh Mujib proclaimed, "Our struggle is for our freedom. Our struggle is for our independence" He also announced the civil disobedience movement in the province, calling for "every house to turn into a fortress". The speech started with this: "Today, I come to you with a heavy heart. You know everything and understand as well. We tried our best. But the streets of Dhaka, Chittagong, Khulna, Rajshahi and Rangpur have been dyed red with the blood of our brethren. People of Bangladesh today want freedom. They want to survive. They want to have their rights. What wrong did we do?". The extempore speech lasted about 19 minutes, with more than 1100 words. In this speech, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib mentioned a 4-point condition before joining the National Assembly meeting on 25th March. Sheikh Mujib also articulated several directives to the nation as part of civil disobedience movement. At the end, raising his fist, Sheikh Mujib cried out at the top of his voice: “OUR STRUGGLE THIS TIME IS A STRUGGLE FOR OUR FREEDOM, OUR STRUGGLE THIS TIME IS A STRUGGLE FOR OUR INDEPENDENCE. JOY BANGLA.” This historic address was a de facto declaration of Bangladesh’s independence. Dreams Dreams are successions of images, ideas, emotions, and sensations that occur usually involuntarily in the mind during certain stages of sleep. The content and purpose of dreams are not definitively understood, though they have been a topic of scientific speculation, as well as a subject of philosophical and religious interest, throughout recorded history. Dreams mainly occur in the rapid-eye movement (REM) stage of sleep—when brain activity is high and resembles that of being awake. REM sleep is revealed by continuous movements of the eyes during sleep. At times, dreams may occur during other stages of sleep. However, these dreams tend to be much less vivid or memorable.[3] The length of a dream can vary; they may last for a few seconds, or approximately 20–30 minutes.[3] People are more likely to remember the dream if they are awakened during the REM phase. The average person has three to five dreams per night, and some may have up to seven;[4] however, most dreams are immediately or quickly forgotten.[5] Dreams tend to last longer as the night progresses. During a full eight-hour night sleep, most dreams occur in the typical two hours of REM. In modern times, dreams have been seen as a connection to the unconscious mind. They range from normal and ordinary to overly surreal and bizarre. Opinions about the meaning of dreams have varied and shifted through time and culture. Most people today appear to endorse the (Freudian) theory of dreams - that dreams reveal insight into hidden desires and emotions. Other prominent theories include those suggesting that dreams assist in memory formation, problem solving, or simply are a product of random brain activation. The earliest recorded dreams were acquired from materials dating back approximately 5000 years, in Mesopotamia, where they were documented on clay tablets. In the Greek and Roman periods, the people believed that dreams were direct messages from one and/or multiple deities, from deceased persons, and that they predicted the future. Some cultures practiced dream incubation with the intention of cultivating dreams that are of prophecy. Etiquette & Manners Etiquette & Manners go hand in hand, but are not the same. Etiquette is a set of rules dealing with exterior form. Manners are an expression of inner character. Respect, kindness, and consideration form the basis of good manners and good citizen-ship. Etiquette becomes the language of manners. Rules of etiquette cover behavior in talking, acting, living, and moving; in other words, every type of interaction and every situation. Man is a social animal. But living in society is not an easy job. How one behaves with another, how he approaches another person and how far he is successful in playing his role in the society indicates his manners. Nobody is born with good manners. Everyone either learns or acquires them. The best place to harness manners and etiquettes is the home which is a miniature society and where the child spends most of its time. Child tries to stimulate its parents and elders in their behavior and slowly leans and acquires certain traits of character that it has learnt at home. It learns a lot in company of his friends at school. In the school, the teacher plays an important role in cultivation of good manners and etiquettes. Teachers with their ideal behavior imbibe good manners in the school students. Anywhere we go out, we are judged by the way we speak. Therefore words play an important role in our day-to-day conversation. How do we speak to our younger’s and how do we speak to our elders, reflects our personality. Whatever we speak should be in a soft, gentle and pleasant tone. We should always try to avoid offending and harsh words. We should show respect to others. Not only the words, but our action and gestures should also be submissive so as to sweeten our life and to add charm to it, we should always try to follow these small courtesies. In a group of people We should always wait for our turn to speak. We should not monopolies the whole conversation. If ever we want to criticize anybody, We should do it in a manner that it does not hurt the person. We should do in a polite and civilized manner. We should always be sweet and humble in our words and gestures. So we can say that the success or failure in the life of a man depends largely upon his manners and etiquettes. In the words of Thompson we can say, “Truth, justice and reasons less their force and all their luster, when they are not accompanied with agreeable manners.” Adolescence Adolescence is the time between being a child and full adult, that is the period of time during which a person is biologically (physically) adult but emotionally (feelings) not at full maturity. Adolescence is the period that generally ranges between 12-18 years. During this period, the body reaches its maximum power in the use of its musculature. Adolescents experience a big change in every part of the body. Muscles, bones, glands, brain, and heart - all develop. Weight and height also increase. The proportion of growth and development between girls and boys is not same. Before 14 years girls grow more than boys but after 14 years boys surpass girls. The functional ability of circulatory system, respiratory system, digestive system etc increase. There comes a change in the voice of both boys and girls. Pubic hair grows at some parts of the body. In case of boys there is growth of beard and moustache and in case of girl's menstrual cycle start. Intelligence expands during this period and special interests along with increased mental power are experienced as a result of which power of memorizations, attention and reception increase. Bodily changes coupled with increased power of sense organs and sex organs bring a big effect of mind. Both the sexes become curious to each other, feeling of heroism, courage drive the mind of the adolescents. During this period the feeling of self-consciousness becomes strong, they become thoughtful, emotional, creative and imaginative. Social consciousness also increases in this period. Adolescents become alert about what goes on around the world. Adolescents have certain specific needs to be fulfilled in this phase. The needs are: i) needs of freedom and activity ii) needs of social adjustment iii) needs of self dependence iv) needs of ideals of life. The teachers, parents, guardians and elders in school, family, society should provide appropriate advice, guidance and supervision to the children so that above needs are satisfied to a large extent. Street Children Faces full of dirt and grime, working instruments in hand, half-fed stomach these are the some common phenomenon of the children of developing and under developed countries. Instead of going to school they are making their way to their working place. Millions of children are now engaged in wage-earning activities at the cost of their honest sweat. They are the street children who move along the roads and have no definite place to live in. They move on streets, ate the leftover from the roadside dustbins and sleep on footpaths. The street is their home. So they are called street children. Some of them earn their livelihood by working as a coolie. Some live by serving as a helpmate in a house, some by doing some odd business. Among them, some also earn their livelihood by stealing something from the shops here and there. When they gradually grow up, they get themselves involved into illegal activities. The street children have no parents to maintain their expenditure. They have been left by their parents either because they have illegal birth or because their father or mother has got married twice or thrice. Finding no other alternative, they take shelter on the streets. These children are deprived of many rights of a citizen. They are even destitute of fundamental needs of life. They cannot go to schools. They cannot eat a square meal, let alone medical treatment. Thus they remain underprivileged. DIASPORA The term ‘diaspora’ refers to the movement of people for from their ancestral homeland to live work in other country. Diaspora’s origin is traced in thousands years back. In the Bible there is reference of diaspora. In the history of human civilization, we find a number of events of diaspora. In the history of mankind, Jews people were the first diaspora. Their ancestor Abraham was forced to leave Iraq and took shelter in Egypt. In Egypt he was a diaspora. Then his offspring Jews were forced to leave Egypt and settled themselves in Palestine. In Palestine the Jews were the diaspora. Later many of them were forced to leave Palestine during Islamic era. These Jews people became diaspora in Europe and then America. Recently scholars have distinguished between different kinds of diaspora, based on its causes such as imperialism, trade or labour migrations or by the kind of social coherence. 2l century has seen a number of diasporas. The Aryans also left their central Europe thousands of years ago and settled in Indian continent. Globalization has facilitated people to people connection. Diaspora in one country helps to bridge gaps between nations, hence it strengthens globalization. So globalization has great influence on diaspora. World Heritage Sites in Bangladesh A world Heritage Site is a place (natural or cultural) recognized by the international community in the shape of the World Heritage Convention declared by UNESCO in 1972. It is historically and geographically important. It possesses a universal value and it is a collective responsibility of the world’s people to preserve it. Bangladesh is a small country. Though a small country Bangladesh has three World Heritage Sites: the historic Shatgombuj Mosque of Bagerhat, the ruins of the Buddhist Vihara at Paharpur and the Sundarbans. The Shatgombuj Mosque is a 15th Century Islamic edifice. It is an enormous Moghul architectural site covering a very large area. It has sixty pillars, which support seventy seven exquisitely curved domes. The Buddhist Vihara at Paharpur was founded in the 7th century. Its layout is perfectly adapted to its religious function. It is the largest single Buddhist monastery in the Indian subcontinent. The Sundarbans is the 52nd World Heritage site in the world. It is a mangrove forest and it is a famous for its natural beauty. They world famous Royal Bengal Tiger lives in this forest. It has a peaceful atmosphere. It is renowned for its great variety of wild life. These are our pride. We should aware of our duties and responsibilities regarding the world Heritage site. A Historical Place that I Visited The indomitable and irresistible desire to see the unseen and to know the unknown has always inspired man to take difficult and dangerous journeys. The outcome of this enticing craving of human heart is the discovery of many countries and continents. I am not an exception. The ‘Gypsy’ that lives in me always provokes me to set out for unknown destination. Whenever I get an opportunity, I never let it go in vain. With the few belongings that are inseparable, I set out to quench my unquenchable thirst. Historical place means a place which bears the testimony to history. So, visiting a historical place is truly interesting and exciting. The Annual Examination was really stressful and after it was over, we, our family members, decided to go for one day’s outing to Mahasthangarh. It was December 14, 2018 when we started for our visit. Historians say that Mahasthangarh was the site of Pundranagar, the oldest city of Bangladesh. There are some elevated places near Mahasthangarh. These places are known as ‘Vitas’ ‘Kundas’ ‘Ghous’ and ‘Dhaps’. One part of the dried river is known as the ghat of Kankabati. There is a museum at Mahasthangarh. Some images, dice, ornaments and pots excavated from Mahasthangarh attracted me most. We saw all these relics of the past and learnt a lot of things about our civilization. The ‘Vitas’ impressed me much. We spent the day at Mahasthangarh and started back in the evening. It was indeed a rewarding trip. Food Adulteration Public health is now facing a major threat due to adulterated foods. Food items are being adulterated by mixing with various chemicals and sold to the consumers. A section o dishonest businessman is engaged in this illegal practice to make windfall profit. They are making food items attractive by using chemicals to draw consumers in big numbers. Consumers, out of their ignorance, are buying and eating these foods and thus inviting various diseases. Adulteration is not limited only foods served at hotels and restaurants. A wide range of essential commodities – such as fruits and vegetables are not left out of adulteration. Unscrupulous traders spray a kind of chemical on these perishable items to keep them fresh for a longer time. Innocent consumers are captive to these dishonest traders since they have no alternative but to buy these daily essentials. They suffer from various diseases after eating these items. Bangladesh Standard Testing Institute, a stage-run organization, has recently launched a drive across the country to stop adulteration of food. This organization has already identified some restaurants, which were selling adulterated foods and being run in unhygienic atmosphere. It imposed fine on them and in some cases, nabbed a good many restaurants owner involved in this illegal practice. But despite this drive, this social ill is yet to be removed. Health is wealth. One can’t think of any success in life with ill health. Unhealthy people are the main obstacle to making over all progress of a nation. Taking into account the dire consequence of food adulteration the government as well as different Socio-culture organizations should come forward to fight against food adulteration for making a happier nation. The Sundarbans The Sundarbans is the largest mangrove forest in the world. It has been declared the 52nd World Heritage Site in the world. The Sundarbans is in south west part of Bangladesh in the district of greater Khulna. India shares a bit of the forest with Bangladesh. The Sundarbans is a part of the world’s largest delta formed by the rivers Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna on the Bay of Bengal. Thousands of streams, creeks, rivers and estuaries have enhanced its charm. The total area of the forest is about 38,000 square kilo meters. The name may have been derived from the Sundari trees that are found in Sundarbans in large number. The Sundarbans is famous for its unique ecosystem and a rich wildlife habitat. It is the natural habitat of the world’s famous Royal Bengal Tiger, spotted deer, crocodiles, jungle fowl, wild boar, lizards and many more. Migratory flock of Siberian ducks flying over thousands of sail boats loaded with timber, fuel wood, honey, shell and fish add to the serene, natural beauty of the Sundarbans. It provides an aesthetic attraction for local and foreign tourists. Moreover, it is the single largest source of forest produce in the country. The forest provides raw material for wood-based industries. In addition to traditional forest produce timber, fuelwood, pulpwood etc. large-scale harvest of non-wood forest products such as thatching materials, honey, bees-wax and fish resources of the forest takes place regularly. So, its role in our national economy in no way can be ignored. Kuakata Kuakata, a beach resort with rare scenic beauty spot on the southernmost tip of Bangladesh from where both sunrise and sunset can be enjoyed unobstructed. Kuakata is three hundred twenty kilometer from Dhaka and seventy Kilometers from Patuakhali town. There is a legend about the name, Kuakata. Being driven from Arakan many Rakhains settled along the coastline in the 1780s. Being deprived of fresh water, they dug a well for it and they were successful in managing fresh water for drinking. Thus they gave the name of the place, Kuakata. The Kuakata beach is eighteen kilometres long and three kilometres wide. There is a coconut garden and a reserved forest alongside the beach. Fishing community comes here in makeshifts settlement to prepare sutki (dried fish) on the eastern beach in winter season. There are many picnic spots and a large forest of shegun (Teak) tree. Alipore is the biggest fishing trade center in this region. Kuakata is also a sanctuary for migratory winter birds. Many people visit Kuakata with an archaeological interest, as there are several old Buddhist temples visible at Keranipara, Misripara and Amkholapara. Rites and rituals and many other cultural aspects of the local rakhain community make a good tourist attraction. Kuakata is a place of pilgrimage for many Hindus and Buddhists, who come here during the festivals of Rush Purnima and Maghi Purnima. A major ritual on the occasion is the taking of bath in the water of Kuakata, which they believe to be holy. Visitors enjoy the traditional fairs and the bath. Human Rights The emergence of Bangladesh as an independent state was the result of a fight against violation of human rights in different ways. People’s struggle for establishing fundamental rights is always there in different parts of the world. But unfortunately, the barriers to human rights are yet to overcome. Human rights are rights inherent in all human beings whatever their identities are. The basic human rights are their social rights, civil rights, political rights, cultural rights, religious rights, economic rights etc. For example, every citizen has a right to live, to be a citizen of a country, right to housing, safety from violence, to seek asylum if a country treats one badly, fair trial, and to be considered innocent until proven guilty, to own property, the right to get an education, health care (medical care), to believe and practice the religion a person wants, right to marriage and family, equality of both males and females; women's rights, not be forced into marriage, the right to express his or her sexual orientation, the right to express oneself: free speech, to vote, to peacefully protest (speak against) a government or group, to petition. Each country assumes obligations and duties to protect and fulfill human rights. Despite enough potential for progress, our country is still faced with abject poverty and illiteracy. These two are perhaps the most powerful enemies of human rights. So, most people are not able to think and speak freely. People need freedom to exercise their rights. It is the people who are neglected elements in the established politics and socio-economic activities. River Erosion Erosion is a process whereby bank or coastline of a river or a sea is gradually broken and destroyed by the forceful current of water. In Bangladesh erosion usually takes place by the side of some largest and forceful rivers like the Padma, the Jamuna, the Meghna etc. Chandpur, Sirajgonj, Brahmanbaria are the districts which usually fall into the greedy clutches of river erosion. The main cause of river erosion is the forceful flow of the river water. In the rainy season heavy rainfall also causes erosion by the river bank. The result of erosion is indescribable. It washes away a vast area of cultivable land, houses and social, cultural, political, financial, educational institutions. It causes a great damage to road and rail communication. The people living near the erosion-affected areas have to leave their homes for some safer places. However, we should try to protect our people and land from erosion. Though this is not an easy task, we can protect our erosion-prone river banks by building strong embankments with the help of the Govt. The Govt. can also play an important role in making people conscious about erosion through TV, radio, newspapers etc. River Pollution Water covers 70% (over two thirds) of the earth and it is source of life. About 97% of total water, is stored in ocean which is not fit for human consumption. The rest of the water (3%) is taken by land like rivers, lakes and under-ground aquifers. Bangladesh is largely a flat delta flown over by many rivers. In 11th century, Bangladesh had 1400 to 1500 rivers but at present no more than 230 to 310 rivers are existent out of which about 25 rivers are going to die. In 1972, the river route was 24140 km that has been reduced to 3800 km. The rivers of Bangladesh is being polluted tremendously and in worsen victim of pollution. The main causes of river pollution are: reduction of flows, silt deposition, river erosion, unplanned industrialization, using open latrines, wash clothes, cows and goats bathe in the river, through untreated wastes especially from industries, hospitals and household into the rivers, oil spills of different kind water vessel, rotting jute, agrochemicals use in agriculture land etc. National geography states that ‘In developing countries, 70 percent of industrial wastes are dumped untreated into waters, polluting the useable water supply. On average, 22 million tons of fertilizers and chemicals are used each year.’’ River pollution is increasing day after day. The major polluted rivers in Bangladesh are: Buriganga, Karnaphulee, Sangu, Bhairab, Pashur, Rupsha, Nabaganga, Mathavanga, Moyur, Kopotakkya, Shitalakkya, Turag, Baloo, Bongshee, Kaleeganga, Meghna, Brahmaputra, Jamuna, Dhaleshwaree, Tista, Padma, Karatoa, Kushiyara, Kirtankhola. River pollution causes fish, birds, mammals including human beings and fauna killing; river dying, vulnerable-health society with more diseases (for example, skin disease, jaundice, diarrhea, kidney damage, fever etc.) and mortality. It has significant negative effect on water, soil and air. The floating dead fishes, colored water, acrid smell from river are common sign of river pollution. Rivers are lifeline and we must protect out rivers. Government should take necessary steps internationally to get righteous water of Bangladeshi rivers. Industries should installation of Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP). Industries require well-designed treatment and water-cooling system, and should maintain quality waste treatment protocols to eliminate toxic contaminants. The towns and cities should have advanced sewage treatment plants that clean up the sewage. Farmers should give up chemicals and pesticide in farming and should adopt with organic method. They can use integrated pest management (IPM) techniques such as biological pest control. Drainage and sewerage systems should be improved and polluted water shouldn’t mix with river water. Environment protection policies such as Rubbish even a bit of waste paper should not be thrown into riverside or water bodies. Slum and Latrine besides rivers should be drawn away. People shouldn’t rot jute into river water. Engine of boat and ships should keep well-tuned to prevent fuel and oil leaks. Try to start environmentally friendly boats and ships ‘clean marina’. Finally, we have to avoid plastic bags.